ABSTRACT. The objective of this research was to identify the influence of the evaporative adiabatic cooling system (EACS) on the thermal comfort and productive responses of dairy cattle, through multivariate analysis by principal components (PC), in the summer and winter seasons of the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil. The data came from an experiment that included 16 multiparous lactating cows (7/8 Holstein-Gyr), randomly distributed in 4 sets, with 4 experimental phases and 4 treatments (0, 10, 20, and 30 min.). The multivariate analysis was carried out through PC for the thermal comfort indices, physiological variables, and milk production and composition. The highest milk production in the summer season was obtained for animals exposed to the cooling system for 30 min. In the winter season in the morning period, the use of the EACS for 10 min. was sufficient for improvements in milk production. The times of exposure to EACS caused changes in the composition of milk, for both seasons. Principal component analysis made it possible to verify a positive correlation of evaporative cooling with thermal comfort, physiological responses, and production and composition of milk of lactating cows.

ABSTRACT Clinical similarities among viral diseases become even more relevant considering the current scenario, especially in Brazil, where there is a high incidence of these diseases and overlapping seasonality. We report the case of a patient with acute clinical manifestations composed of predominant respiratory symptoms and alveolar hemorrhage in which three etiologies (dengue, influenza and COVID-19) were investigated concomitantly. Only the diagnosis of dengue was confirmed. Then, the patient’s immunological profile in response to stimulation of mononuclear cells with dengue virus antigen was analyzed in an attempt to identify specific characteristics that could be associated with the clinical manifestation.

ABSTRACT Background: Domestic pigeons carry pathogens in their droppings, posing a potential public health problem. Methods: The phenotypic and genotypic antimicrobial resistances of Staphylococcus aureus and Enterococcus faecium in the feces of urban pigeons near hospitals with intensive care units were measured. Results: Twenty-nine samples showed Enterococcus growth, whereas one was positive for S. aureus. The S. aureus isolate was sensitive to the antibiotics tested via antibiogram, however resistance genes were identified. E. faecium isolates showed phenotypic resistance to gentamicin, erythromycin, and ciprofloxacin. Conclusions: Antimicrobial profiles harmful to health were demonstrated in bacterial pathogens isolated from the external environment of hospitals.

Resumen El objetivo fue caracterizar térmicamente las instalaciones durante las fases de crecimiento y finalización de los cerdos y evaluar la influencia de los sistemas de control climático en la expresión de los comportamientos de los cerdos. El experimento se realizó en la Universidad Federal Rural de Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brasil, durante la primavera de 2019. Se utilizaron 27 cerdos de 63 días. Los animales fueron sometidos a corrales sin sistema de climatización, con ventilación forzada y con sistema de enfriamiento adiabático evaporativo. Se registraron la temperatura de bulbo seco (° C), la humedad relativa del aire (%), la temperatura del globo negro (° C) y las respuestas de comportamiento de los cerdos, sometidas a análisis multivariante, utilizando la técnica de componentes principales. Los corrales con sistema de enfriamiento adiabático evaporativo mostraron una reducción significativa de la temperatura del aire y un aumento de la humedad relativa del aire, durante las dos fases. Los cerdos sometidos a enfriamiento evaporativo mostraron mayor actividad ingestiva y comportamiento letárgico, propio de las fases estudiadas.

Abstract The objective was to thermally characterize the facilities during the growth and finishing phases of pigs and to evaluate the influence of climate control systems on the expression of the behaviors of pigs. The experiment was conducted at the Federal Rural University of Pernambuco, Serra Talhada, PE, Brazil, during the spring of 2019. Twenty-seven pigs aged 63 days were used. The animals were submitted to pens without climate control system, with forced ventilation, and with an evaporative adiabatic cooling system. Dry bulb temperature (°C), relative air humidity (%), black globe temperature (°C), and swine behavioral responses were recorded, submitted to multivariate analysis, using the principal component technique. Pens with the evaporative adiabatic cooling system showed a significant reduction in air temperature and an increase in relative air humidity, during the two phases. Pigs submitted to evaporative cooling showed greater ingestive activity and lethargic behavior, typical of the studied phases.

Resumo Objetivou-se avaliar a resposta da atividade biológica medida pela técnica Biospeckle Laser aplicada a mangas (Mangifera indica L.) submetidas a danos mecânicos, em diferentes estágios de maturação. Os testes foram realizados duas vezes por semana, durante 21 dias, sendo utilizados 40 frutos de manga da variedade Tommy. O procedimento foi dividido em duas etapas: na primeira etapa, simulou-se o impacto nos frutos; na segunda etapa, foi aplicada a luz laser sobre a área que sofreu impacto, seguido do registro das imagens de todos os frutos. Esses registros foram submetidos a um processamento gráfico, com a finalidade de se obterem mapas de atividade biológica dos frutos. A técnica Biospeckle laser associada à análise de imagem permitiu identificar níveis de atividades biológicas distintas nas mangas, certificando o seu potencial de aplicação como ferramenta de teste não destrutivo, no monitoramento da atividade biológica em amostras de frutos.

Abstract The objective of this study was to evaluate the response of biological activity measured by the Biospeckle Laser technique applied to mangoes (Mangifera indica L.) subjected to mechanical damage at different stages of maturation. The tests were carried out twice a week for twenty-one days, and 40 mangoes of the variety Tommy Atkins were used. The procedure was divided into two stages: the first simulated the impact on fruits, and in the second stage, the laser light was applied to the impacted area. After laser application, the images of all fruits were submitted to graphic processing, in order to obtain maps of biological activity of the fruits. The Biospeckle laser technique associated with image analysis allowed the identification of distinct biological activity levels in the mangoes, certifying its potential application as a non-destructive test tool, in the monitoring of biological activity in fruit samples.

ABSTRACT. This study aimed to analyze the principal components of the meteorological variables, physiological and behavioral response of cows subjected to different cooling times and their influence on milk quality, in the dry and rainfall periods, and to establish multiple regression models for milk quality. The data used in the study came from an experiment conducted in the Agreste Region of Pernambuco. The pre-milking cooling time was 10, 20, 30 min. and the control (without cooling). Sixteen multiparous lactating Gir cows were selected. Data were analyzed by principal component analysis and a multiple regression analysis was applied to determine milk quality. There was a strong relationship between somatic cell count (SCC) and activity of the animal in the shade for dry, and lying for rainfall, with increased SCC in cow milk. It was possible to establish two multiple regression models to determine milk quality in dry and rainfall periods. According to the principal component analysis, the cooling time to meet the thermal requirement of the animals was 20 min., regardless of the season and milking shift.

Resumen La región semiárida brasileña se caracteriza por la escasez de agua, lo que provoca la pérdida de hojas de la vegetación nativa para reducir la transpiración. Con la reducción del área foliar de Caatinga el suelo está más expuesto, convertirme en un gran aliado para la degradación ambiental. El objetivo fue vigilar y analizar la dinámica espacio-temporal de la vegetación de Caatinga mediante la teledetección orbital en región semiárida de Pernambuco, Brasil, en la estación de lluvias en la estación seca. Estudio se desarrolló mediante imágenes del satélite Landsat-8, entre los años 2013-2018, y mediante el algoritmo SEBAL se determinaron mapas temáticos de los parámetros biofísicos: albedo y temperatura superficial, índice de vegetación de diferencia normalizada (NDVI), índice de vegetación ajustado al suelo (SAVI) e índice de área foliar (LAI). Los resultados muestran que en la estación seca hay una aptitud más notable para que se produzca la degradación ambiental.

Abstract The Brazilian semiarid region is marked by water scarcity, which causes the loss of leaves from native vegetation to reduce transpiration. With the reduction of the Caatinga leaf area, the soil becomes more exposed, which makes it a great ally for environmental degradation. This study aimed to monitor and analyze the spatial-temporal dynamics of the Caatinga vegetation by orbital remote sensing in the semiarid region of Pernambuco, Brazil, in the rainy and dry season. The study was developed from Landsat-8 satellite images between the years 2013-2018. From the SEBAL algorithm, thematic maps of the biophysical parameters were determined: albedo and surface temperature, normalized difference vegetation index (NDVI), soil-adjusted vegetation index (SAVI), and leaf area index (LAI). The results show that in the dry season, there is a greater aptitude for environmental degradation to occur.

ABSTRACT. The aim of this study was to employ the principal component technique to physiological data and environmental thermohygrometric variables correlated with detection of clinical and subclinical mastitis in dairy cattle. A total of 24 lactating Girolando cows with different clinical conditions were selected (healthy, and with clinical or subclinical mastitis). The following physiological variables were recorded: udder surface temperature, ST (°C); eyeball temperature, ET (°C); rectum temperature, RT (°C); respiratory frequency, RF (mov. min-1). Thermohygrometric variables included air temperature, AirT (°C), and relative humidity, RU (%). ST was determined by means of thermal images, with four images per animal, on these quarters: front left side (FL), front right side (FR), rear right side (RR) and rear left side (RL), totaling 96 images. Exploratory data analysis was run through multivariate statistical technique with the employment of principal components, comprehending nine variables: ST on the FL, FR, RL and RR quarters; ET, RT; RF, AirT and RU. The representative quarters of the animals with clinical and subclinical mastitis showed udder temperatures 8.55 and 2.46° C higher than those of healthy animals, respectively. The ETs of the animals with subclinical and clinical mastitis were, respectively, 7.9 and 8.0% higher than those of healthy animals. Rectum temperatures were 2.9% (subclinical mastitis) and 5.5% (clinical mastitis) higher compared to those of healthy animals. Respiratory frequencies were 40.3% (subclinical mastitis) and 61.6% (clinical mastitis) higher compared to those of healthy animals. The first component explained 91% of the total variance for the variables analyzed. The principal component technique allowed verifying the variables correlated with the animals' clinical condition and the degree of dependence between the study variables.

RESUMO Objetivou-se com essa pesquisa avaliar o padrão de variabilidade espacial da temperatura de superfície do úbere de vacas leiteiras saudáveis e com mastite. Foram selecionados 24 animais, oito saudáveis, oito com mastite subclínica e oito com mastite clínica. As imagens foram obtidas a partir de uma câmera termográfica Flir i60, resolução de 0,01 °C, 1,0 m de distância focal e emissividade ajustada para 0,98. O horário de realização das imagens foi entre às 05 e 07h00, que totalizaram 96 imagens, três por animal, nos enquadramentos anterolateral direito, anterolateral esquerdo, posterior e inferior. As análises foram realizadas pela geoestatística, com ajuste do semivariograma para validação do modelo teórico e construção dos mapas de krigagem. A temperatura média de superfície dos quartos mamários com classificação positiva para mastite subclínica apresentou valores entre 33,2 ± 0,67ºC e 34,64± 1,07ºC; para os quartos negativos entre 29,3 ± 1,78ºC e 32,24 ± 0,62ºC. Os animais saudáveis apresentaram temperatura de superfície de úbere inferior àqueles com mastite subclínica (29,3ºC ± 1,78 e 31,58ºC ± 0,62). A temperatura da superfície do úbere dos animais com mastite clínica foi mais elevada, entre 34,0 e 37,5°C, comparativamente aos demais quadros clínicos. A escala adotada para análise do padrão das imagens identificou com sucesso a dependência espacial da temperatura de superfície do úbere, o que contribuiu para padronização dos procedimentos de diagnóstico para animais saudáveis, com mastite subclínica e clínica, por meio da geoestatística.

ABSTRACT The objective of this research was to assess the spatial variability pattern concerning udder surface temperature in dairy cows that were healthy and in those with mastitis. A total of 24 animals were selected - eight healthy, eight with subclinical mastitis, and eight with clinical mastitis. Images were taken with a Flir i60 thermographic camera - resolution of 0.01°C, focal length of 1.0 m, and emissivity adjusted to 0.98 - between 05:00 and 07:00, totaling 96 images, three per animal, of the front and rear, right and left mammary quarters. Analyses were run through geostatistics, with semivariogram adjustment to validate the theoretical model and build kriging maps. The average surface temperature of the mammary quarters with positive classification for subclinical mastitis stood between 33.2 ± 0.67ºC and 34.64± 1.07ºC; for negative quarters, values ranged from 29.3 ± 1.78ºC to 32.24 ± 0.62ºC. The udder surface temperatures of healthy animals were lower than those of animals with subclinical mastitis (29.3ºC ± 1.78 and 31.58ºC ± 0.62). The udder surface temperature of animals with clinical mastitis was higher, between 34.0 and 37.5°C, compared to the other clinical statuses. The scale adopted for image pattern analysis successfully identified the spatial dependence of udder surface temperature, which helped standardize diagnostic procedures for healthy animals, and for those with subclinical and clinical mastitis, by means of geostatistics.

Abstract INTRODUCTION: Chronic chagasic cardiopathy (CCC) is essentially a dilated cardiomyopathy in which a subacute, but constant chronic inflammatory process causes progressive destruction of the heart tissue. The action of proinflammatory cytokines, such as tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α), interferon gamma (IFN-γ), and anti-inflammatory cytokines, like interleukin IL-10 and IL-17, plays a fundamental role in the immunopathogenesis and evolution of disease. Early anti-congestive therapy, aimed at changing the morbidity and mortality rate, has been shown to reduce disease progression and to alter patients’ immune response pattern. METHODS: This cross-sectional study aimed to evaluate the profile of Th1 and Th17 cytokines and IL-17, TNF-α, and IFN-γ expressions in different stages of CCC. Forty patients affected by chronic Chagas disease were divided into different groups according to the stage of the pathology. In agreement with the Brazilian consensus on Chagas disease, patients were classified as presenting an undetermined form, a cardiac form and a digestive form. Serum IFN-γ, TNF-α, IL-10, and IL-17 were evaluated. RESULTS: Lower serum IFN-γ concentrations were detected in patients receiving angiotensin-converting enzyme inhibitors (p = 0.0182), but not in those using angiotensin receptor blockers (p = 0.0783). Patients using amiodarone and aldosterone antagonist presented higher serum TNF-α concentrations (p = 0.0106 and 0.0187, respectively). IL-10 and IL-17 levels did not differ between the study groups (p = 0.7273 and p = 0.6697, respectively). CONCLUSIONS: These results suggest that the cytokine profile and disease progression are altered by anti-congestive medications commonly prescribed for CCC.

Resumo Introdução: Atualmente, a população idosa do Brasil está sofrendo aumento significativo. O envelhecimento é um processo fisiológico que causa alterações nos diversos órgãos, inclusive no rim. A biópsia renal é de suma importância para esclarecimento das alterações morfológicas dessas entidades. Objetivos: Os objetivos deste trabalho foram realizar a análise clínica e epidemiológica dos pacientes idosos e avaliar a prevalência das principais glomerulopatias que os acometem. Métodos: Trata-se de um estudo retrospectivo e descritivo, com revisão de 104 laudos de biópsias renais de idosos, com idade igual ou superior a 60 anos, realizados no Serviço de Nefropatologia da Universidade Federal do Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), entre o período de janeiro de 1996 e dezembro de 2010. Os pacientes foram agrupados segundo síndrome clínica. Resultados: Foram revistas 104 biópsias de pacientes idosos. Destes, 52,94% pertenciam ao gênero masculino. A Hipertensão Arterial foi encontrada em 50,54% dos pacientes. A síndrome clínica predominante foi a Síndrome Nefrótica (42,17%). A maioria das doenças foi de origem glomerular. As podocitopatias foram as glomerulopatias mais prevalentes (34,07%). Discussão/Conclusão: Por meio dessa revisão, observamos que a síndrome nefrótica foi a principal síndrome clínica e as podocitopatias foram as glomerulopatias com mais prevalência no grupo de pacientes idosos submetidos à biópsia renal. A análise das biópsias renais dos pacientes idosos é de fundamental importância, uma vez que o conhecimento das manifestações clínicas das principais glomerulopatias que acometem esse grupo auxiliam a elucidação diagnóstica e no estabelecimento da conduta terapêutica.

Abstract Introduction: Currently, the elderly population of Brazil is suffering significant increase. Aging is a physiological process that causes changes in various organs, including the kidney. A kidney biopsy is of paramount importance to clarify the morphological changes of these entities. Objectives: The aim of this work was to conduct a clinical epidemiological analysis of elderly patients and evaluate the prevalence of major glomerulopathies that affect. Methods: This is a retrospective and descriptive, with a review of 104 reports of renal biopsies of elderly aged over 60 years, performed in the Nefropatologia Federal University of Triângulo Mineiro (UFTM), between periods January 1996 and December 2010. Patients were grouped according to clinical syndrome. Results: We reviewed 104 biopsies of elderly patients. Of these, 52.94% were male. The Hypertension was found in 50.54% of patients. The clinical syndrome was the predominant nephrotic syndrome (42.17%). Most disease was glomerular origin. The glomerulopathy was the most prevalent (34.07%). Discussion/Conclusion: Through this review, we noted that the nephrotic syndrome was the main clinical syndrome and Podocytophaties glomerulopathies were more prevalent in the group of elderly patients undergoing renal biopsy. The analysis of renal biopsies of elderly patients is of paramount importance, since knowledge of the clinical manifestations of major glomerulopathies that affect this group, to assist in establishing the diagnosis and therapeutic management.

This case reports an immunocompetent 29-year-old woman with suspected pneumonia, suggestive of fungal infection. Immunoblotting analysis reactivity againstHistoplasma capsulatum and Paracoccidioides brasiliensis were observed. Nested-PCR in blood employing species-specific primers was positive for H. capsulatum andCryptococcus neoformans. The evaluation of paucisymptomatic patients with positive results for H. capsulatum and C. neoformans could be relevant for the prevention as well as the possible evaluation of the reactivated quiescent foci. In conclusion, the associated methodology may have contributed to the monitoring endogenous reactivation of these diseases.

INTRODUÇÃO: A Nefropatia por IgA (NIgA) é a glomerulopatia primária mais comum. OBJETIVO: Classificar a NIgA segundo a nova proposta de Classificação de Oxford. MÉTODOS: Foram analisadas biópsias do Serviço de Nefropatologia da UFTM, no período de 1996 a 2010, com diagnóstico de NIgA. Foram avaliados gênero, idade, presença de hematúria, padrões/intensidade das lesões, deposições de IgA, IgG, IgM, Kappa, Lambda, C3, C1q e fibrinogênio. Histologicamente, as biópsias foram caracterizadas conforme a Classificação de Oxford, e realizou-se a correlação clínico-morfológica. RESULTADOS: Das 164 biópsias avaliadas, houve predomínio do gênero masculino (53,7%) e adulto (93,3%). Caracterizando os pacientes conforme a classificação de Oxford, obtivemos predominância M0 (85,3%), S1 (53,1%), E0 (65,2%) e T0 (70,1%). À correção clínico-morfológica, observamos maior proteinúria M1 em relação a M0 (p < 0,008), menor taxa de filtração glomerular estimada (p < 0,001) e maior frequência de hipertensão (p < 0,001) comparando-se T0,T1 e T2. À imunofluorescência, predominância de IgA (100% dos casos), com codeposição de C3 (99,37% dos casos), Kappa (96,25%), Lambda (91,25%) e IgM (76,92%). Foi observada correlação entre a intensidade de deposição de IgA com C3, Kappa e Lambda. CONCLUSÃO: No presente estudo, a NIgA foi predominante em homens, mais comuns foram os padrões M0, S1, E0 e T0, com maior proteinúria e aumento da hipercelularidade mesangial, além de maior prevalência de hipertensão/pior função renal conforme a gravidade das repercussões túbulo-intersticiais.

INTRODUCTION: IgA nephropathy (IgAN) is the most common primary glomerulopathy. OBJECTIVE: Classify IgAN according to the new Oxford's classification. METHODS: We analyzed the renal biopsies from the Nephropathology Service of UFTM, among 1996 to 2010, with a diagnosis of IgAN. We assessed gender, age, presence of hematuria, patterns/intensity of the lesions, deposition of IgA, IgG, IgM, Kappa, Lambda, C3, C1q and fibrinogen. Based on the histological alterations, the biopsies were characterized according to the Oxford Classification, and the clinicomorfological correlation was made. Significative results for p < 0,05. RESULTS: A total of 164 cases biopsies, predominantly male (53.7%) and adults (93.3%). We characterized the patients according Oxford Classification, there was a predominance of the pattern M0 (85,3%), S1 (53,1%), E0 (65,2%) e T0 (70,1%). About the clinicomorfological correlation, we observed more severe proteinuria comparing M1 to M0 (p < 0,008), low estimated GFR (p < 0,001) and more frequent hypertension (p < 0,001) comparing T0, T1 e T2. On immunofluorescence, there is a predominance of IgA (100% of cases), with codeposition of C3 (99.37% of cases), Kappa (96.25%), Lambda (91.25%) and IgM (76.92%). Correlation was found between IgA intensity and C3, Kappa and Lambda. CONCLUSION: In this study, IgA nephropathy was predominant in males, the more frequent patterns were the M0, S1, E0 and T0, with more severe proteinuria and the enhance of mesangial hypercellularity, besides larger prevalence of hypertension/worse kidney function according the tubulo-interstitial injuries.

Investigações sobre o efeito do repouso de frutos na qualidade das sementes evidenciam que há uma relação direta entre este repouso e o aumento da germinação e vigor das sementes avaliadas. O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar a influência do estádio de maturação e do armazenamento de frutos na qualidade fisiológica de sementes de maracujá amarelo. Os frutos foram obtidos a partir de polinização manual, sendo que a colheita dos frutos foi realizada em três estádios de maturação: 55, 60 e 65 dias após a antese e armazenados às temperaturas de 8 ºC e 25 ºC, por 7, 14 e 21 dias de repouso. Para avaliação da qualidade das sementes, as características utilizadas foram: teor de água, massa seca das sementes, germinação e vigor. As sementes de maracujá amarelo provenientes dos frutos com 65 dias de idade e submetidos ao repouso por sete dias, tanto em ambiente refrigerado quanto natural, tem maior qualidade fisiológica; frutos colhidos aos 65 dias de idade após a antese e armazenados por sete dias às temperaturas de 8ºC e 25ºC apresenta também maior acúmulo de matéria seca.

Investigation on the effect of rest of fruits on seed quality has shown a direct relationship between rest and increase in the seed germination and vigor. The objective of this study was to evaluate the influence of the degree of maturation and fruit rest on the physiological quality of passion fruit seeds. The fruits were obtained by hand pollination, and the fruits were harvested at three maturation stages: 55, 65 and 75 days after anthesis and stored at 25 and 8 ºC for 7, 14 and 21 days of rest. To evaluate the seed quality, the following characteristics were assessed: mixture content, seed dry matter, germination and vigor. Seeds from 65-day-old fruits and submitted to rest for 7 days, kept in a cooled environment and at room temperature showed better physiological quality; 65-day-old fruits harvested at anthesis and stored fo seven days at 8ºC and 25ºC presented also the largest accumulation of dry matter.

A gravidade da leptospirose parece estar aumentando principalmente quanto ao envolvimento pulmonar. Essa maior gravidade poderia ser decorrente de uma resposta imunológica mais intensa, já que tanto a insuficiência renal, quanto a plaquetopenia e as lesões pulmonares são encontradas na fase imune da doença. Para investigar esta hipótese foram detectados por ELISA anticorpos IgM, IgG e IgA específicos em amostras de sangue de 35 pacientes internados com síndrome de Weil colhidas a partir de cerca de 15 dias do início dos sintomas até 1 ano após a alta. Os pacientes foram divididos em 2 grupos conforme o seu título de IgG na primeira amostra, colhida com até 2 semanas de sintomas: grupo 1 (n = 13) com título >1:400 (positivo) e grupo 2 (n = 22) com título <= 1:400 (negativo). Os anticorpos IgG no grupo 1 na primeira amostra mostraram alta avidez pelo antígeno o que sugere reinfecção. Mesmo em amostras mais tardias os títulos de IgG e IgA no grupo 1 foram mais elevados que no grupo 2. Os pacientes do grupo 1 eram mais idosos, permaneceram com febre por mais tempo e tiveram maior comprometimento renal e pulmonar. Estes resultados sugerem que a gravidade da leptospirose pode estar associada à intensidade da resposta humoral.

Leptospirosis severity may be increasing, with pulmonary involvement becoming more frequent. Does this increase result from an intense immune response to leptospire? Notice that renal failure, thrombocytopenia and pulmonary complications are found during the immune phase. Thirty-five hospitalized patients with Weil's disease had 5 blood samples drawn, from the 15th day to the 12th month of symptoms, for ELISA-IgM, -IgG and -IgA specific antibody detection. According their 1st IgG titer, the patients were divided into: group 1 (n = 13) titer > 1:400 (positive) and group 2 (n = 22) titer <=1:400 (negative). Early IgG antibodies in group 1 showed high avidity which may indicate reinfection. Group 1 was older, had worse pulmonary and renal function, and fever for a longer period than group 2. Throughout the study, IgG and IgA titers remained higher in group 1. In conclusion, the severity of Weil's disease may be associated with the intensity of the humoral immune response to leptospire.